Apparatus, system and method for optical packet switching using frequency header

ABSTRACT

In the present invention, a single-frequency tone is used as addressing header for each optical packet ( 26 ). The frequency of the single-frequency tone is situated within the baseband of the digital payload signal and is preferably a radio-frequency tone. The single-frequency tone is multiplexed with the digital payload and modulated into an envelope of an optical carrier. The frequency is indicative of an address or out-port ( 34, 36 ) for the optical packet ( 26 ), which means that different destinations in the network correspond to different frequencies. When switching such an optical packet, the power of the frequency tone (fj, fk) is measured. If a tone is present, the optical path corresponding to the allocation is opened by an electronic switch control ( 46 ), and when the tone disappears, the path is closed. Due to the narrow bandwith of the frequency tone, any disturbance of the digital payload is essentially negligible.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates generally to apparatuses, systems and methods for optical packet switching and in particular to optical packet switching using headers on sub-carriers.

BACKGROUND

It is expected that in the near future all-optical networks, where opto-electric conversion takes place at or near end points, will prevail. Such networks employ a “connectionless” approach having similarities with the principles of IP packet routing. A demand for efficient optical packets and optical packet switching naturally comes into scene. WDM networks have already provided important benefits of increased available bandwidth for point to point optical links. However, the processing capabilities of electronic switches and routers are expected to impose serious bottlenecks on future optical networks. Improved optical switching technology is the key issue for increasing the potential for implementing optical packet switched networks. Optical packet switching provides greater flexibility and easier management for the network, because data remains in the optical domain essentially from source to destination. Therefore, not only delays due to opto-electronic conversion and electronic processing are avoided at switching nodes, but also a complete transparency to data and format is attained. Photonic switching, not having to perform opto-electrical conversion of data content and discarding protocols and data format recognition, thus combines higher switching speed with greater effective bandwidths which are compatible with throughputs above Tb/s. Further issues still under investigation and development, include packet routing, flow control and contention resolution.

Overviews of recent advances in photonic packet switching may e.g. be found in “Advances in Photonic Packet Switching: an overview”, by S. Yao and B. Mukherjee in IEEE Communic. Mag., pp. 84-94, February 2000 and in “Photonic Packet Switches: Architectures and Experimental implementations” by D. J. Blumenthal, P. R. Prucnal and J. R. Sauer in Proceed. IEEE 82 (11), 1650 (1994).

Several solutions already exist, based on header and payload architecture for optical packets. Examples are found in e.g. “Self-routing of Wavelength Packets using All-Optical Wavelength Shifter and QPSK Sub-carrier Routing Headers” by E. Park and A. Willner in IEEE Photon. Tech. Lett. 8 (7), 938 (1996) and “HORNET—A Packet-Switched WDM Network: Optical Packet Transmission and Recovery” by D. Wonglumson, I. M. White, S. M. Gemelos and L. G. Kazovsky in IEEE Photon. Tech. Lett. 11 (12), 1692 (1999). The solutions differ mainly on whether the header is chosen in time, frequency, code or wavelength domain, or possible combinations.

Clever arrangements have been proposed in prior art. In the published international patent application WO 00/04668, optical packets with data payload and separate header at a sub-carrier preceding the payload are used. However, problems may occur in this solution. As the optical packet propagates along the network a variable delay between header and payload may arise, which makes the switching procedures more difficult to perform. Moreover the header specifically occupies a frequency band above the payload baseband in order to avoid interference. When sub-carrier frequencies are as high as 10 GHz, the header may become severely attenuated due to fiber dispersion after tens of kilometers. This problem is recognized by the authors.

In the patent U.S. Pat. No. 5,253,250, an alternative solution is achieved by multiplexing a sub-carrier modulation (SCM) signal together with the payload signal. This is advantageous because payload and header experience the same light path and the same delays. The header sub-carriers occupy frequency bands above the payload baseband. Also here, header attenuation may result if the frequencies are too high. Moreover, devices for header processing have to be adapted to these higher frequencies, which may call for expensive and complex solutions. Since the general trend for the data transfer rate, and thereby the payload baseband, is to increase, sub-carrier frequencies which are possible to use today may in a short future be situated close to or even within the payload baseband. An optical network based on certain selected sub-carrier frequencies would then have to be re-designed in order to cope with higher payload frequencies.

When many nodes are being traversed, a necessity for acknowledgement signal may be implemented as in the patent U.S. Pat. No. 5,612,806. Also here, frequencies above the presently used payload baseband are used.

SUMMARY

A general object of the present invention is thus to provide improved methods and devices for photonic packet switching. A further object of the present invention is to provide a system, which can handle digital packets of any rate and size. Another object is to provide methods and devices for photonic packet switching, which are less expensive and less complex than the ones available today. Yet another object is to provide methods and devices which are easily applicable to metropolitan and access optical networks, comprising e.g. WDM networks.

The above objects are achieved by methods, systems and devices according to the enclosed patent claims. In general words, a single-frequency tone is used as addressing header for each optical packet. The frequency of the single-frequency tone is situated within the baseband of the digital payload signal and is preferably a radio-frequency tone. The single-frequency tone is multiplexed with the digital payload and modulated into an envelope of an optical carrier. The frequency is indicative of an address of the optical packet according to preestablished allocation relations, which means that different destinations in the network correspond to different frequencies. When switching such an optical packet, the power of the frequency tone is measured. If a tone is present, the optical path corresponding to the allocation is opened, and when the tone disappears, the path is closed. Due to the narrow bandwidth of the frequency tone, any disturbance of the digital payload is essentially negligible.

One clear advantage with the present invention is that by using relative low frequencies, the header processing means can be implemented by simple technology, which reduces the overall complexity and cost. Furthermore, the invention is independent on future improvements in data transmission rates or formats. Also, optical packets of any size are automatically handled by systems operating according to the present invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The invention, together with further objects and advantages thereof, may best be understood by making reference to the following description taken together with the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 a is a diagram of a digital signal and a single-frequency tone;

FIG. 1 b is a frequency diagram corresponding to a Fourier transform of the signals of FIG. 1 a;

FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a digital signal with different degrees of disturbances;

FIG. 3 a is an embodiment of an optical packet generation device according to the present invention;

FIG. 3 b is another embodiment of an optical packet generation device according to the present invention, giving two time-multiplexed sets of optical packets;

FIG. 4 is an embodiment of an optical packet switching device according to the present invention, having one in-port and two out-ports;

FIG. 5 is a time diagram illustrating the timing of an optical packet passing an optical switch according to the present invention;

FIG. 6 a is a schematic block diagram of an optical network according to the present invention;

FIG. 6 b is a schematic block diagram of one of the switching devices of FIG. 6 a;

FIG. 7 is a schematic block diagram of an optical switching device according to the present invention using multiple optical carriers;

FIG. 8 is a flow diagram illustrating an optical packet generation method according to the present invention; and

FIG. 9 is a flow diagram illustrating an optical packet switching method according to the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present invention has been developed having metropolitan and access optical networks in mind. The applicability is believed to be best for such types of applications. However, the general applicability of the present invention is, however, not limited only to such networks, but is valid in all types of optical networks.

In the present disclosure, “switching” is used as a common name for any directing, switching and/or routing operations.

An optical packet is basically an optical pulse of a certain duration transmitted on an optical carrier. The optical carrier is typically characterized by a fixed light wavelength. In FIG. 1 a, two optical packets of optical signals are illustrated in a time diagram. The lowest portion of FIG. 1 a illustrates a digital signal 1, where the intensity of the signal in an ideal case only assumes zero or full amplitude, representing a “0” and “1”, respectively. The data transmission rate of such a signal is determined by the minimum possible duration of such digit signals. The extension of the total digital signal is limited by an envelope 2, in this case a time frame. In a practical case, the square shape of the “digits” is not perfect. In order to produce a usable signal, frequency components within a certain baseband have to be used. A broader baseband allows for a better representation of rapidly changing digital signals and thereby allows a higher data transmission rate.

In the upper part of FIG. 1 a, an optical packet comprising a single-frequency tone 3 is illustrated. This tone comprises ideally one single well-determined frequency. The frequency tone is unmodulated. The single-frequency tone 3 thus presents a pure sinusoidal shape.

The signals illustrated in FIG. 1 a can also be represented in the frequency space, as powers of the corresponding Fourier transform. The digital signal is in FIG. 1 b represented by a power distribution 1′ of frequencies. The width of the distribution is defined as the baseband bandwidth spanned by the digital signal. In the same way, the single-frequency tone of FIG. 1 a can be represented in frequency space. The single-frequency tone will here in a theoretical case appear as a spike 3′. However, the limitation of the time duration of the time frame and other causes will in reality give the spike 3′ a certain width, corresponding to an uncertainly in the frequency.

Note that the diagrams only illustrate the main principles and the actual shapes are not mathematically correct.

In FIG. 2, one digital step is illustrated. The broken line 5 illustrates the ideal behavior of the digital signal. In practice, however, the available frequency baseband is limited, and a signal corresponding to the full line 6 may be a typical example. The onset time of the digit is still relatively well defined. However, if a disturbance occurs, the situation may be changed. By e.g. multiplexing a signal with a relatively broad bandwidth with the signal, the information content in the corresponding frequencies of the digital signal is strongly deteriorated. The result may e.g. be the dotted curve 7. In such a case, the onset time of the digital signal is not any more well defined, and a “1” may be mistaken for a “0”. A bit error occurs. This is one of the reasons why modulated header signals are usually not allowed to assume frequency values within the digital payload baseband.

In the present invention, the digital signal is also indeed disturbed. However, according to the invention, a single-frequency tone is multiplexed with the digital signal. This means that the corresponding frequency in the frequency distribution representing the digital signal is changed. However, the lost information is very limited, and the resulting digital signal will not be changed be very much. With a narrow enough frequency distribution, the increased uncertainty of the digital signal becomes negligible, still being within the specification concerning bit rate errors of optical packets.

A single-frequency tone, since it is unmodulated, does not contain any information besides its amplitude, phase and frequency. The phase of a certain frequency component is very difficult to control and obtain in practice, and since the amplitude can be superimposed by the corresponding frequency components of the digital signal, the frequency is the only property that can be used for carrying information. However, in a limited, well-defined system, a certain frequency value can be connected to a certain information, in particular header information according to preestablished relations. The most appropriate header information for optical packets is the address or routing information of the packet, whereby the preestablished relations are constituted by allocation relations, preferably in an allocation table.

An embodiment of a packet generation device 10 according to the present invention is illustrated in FIG. 3 a. A single-mode laser source 11 provides laser light of a predetermined wavelength. This predetermined wavelength constitutes an optical carrier for the signals in the present embodiment. A pulse generator 12, providing a square pulse directly modulates the laser current. The resulting laser signal 14 thus comprises packet envelopes or time frames of certain well-defined duration. A typical choice of packet duration may be between 2 and 2.8 μs, and a packet separation could be e.g. 0.5 μs. However, other combinations are also possible. For instance, when a burst of information occurs in the network, it can be treated as a sequence of packets separated by a time interval less than a certain value, say 0.3 μs, so that the switching fabric sees it as a single “long” packet occupying the switch. The time frame on the optical carrier is provided onto an optical fiber 16, and transmitted to an optical modulator 18.

A source 22 of the digital signal to be transported provides the digital signal to a multiplexor 20, in which the digital signal is multiplexed with a single-frequency tone, supplied by a signal generator 24. The multiplexed signal is then provided to the optical modulator 18, which will modulate the optical carrier wavelength with the combined signal, comprised in the packet envelope or time frame. The optical modulator 18 can be of various construction technologies, such as a lithium niobate (LiNbO₃) electro-optical modulator, or an acousto-optical modulator, or an electro-absorption modulator, which are available in prior art. The optical modulator 18 must have a frequency response bandwidth compatible with the highest frequency to be applied onto the optical carrier signal. In the present embodiment, the digital signal has the highest bandwidth, since the sub-carrier frequency selected for the header information is situated inside the baseband of the digital signal. The header frequency tone is preferably located in the lower radio-frequency spectrum and most preferably below 50 MHz. This is a choice related to the low cost and easy access of parts and components in this frequency range, as well as simplicity of electronic circuit design and implementation. Preferably, the header frequency tone has a combined frequency linewidth and uncertainty less than or equal to 10 kHz. An optical packet 26 comprising the digital payload and the analogue frequency tone is transmitted onto an exit optical fiber 28

FIG. 3 b illustrates another embodiment of a packet generation device according to the present invention. In this embodiment, two sets of digital signals are time multiplexed onto the same optical fiber. Similar components are denoted by the same reference numbers and are not described again. In this embodiment, the pulse generator 12 has a signal shape that creates time frames on the optical carrier, with a larger separation than duration. In a preferred case, the time frame duration is 2 μs, while the separation is 3 μs. The generated optical time frames are transmitted into a beam splitter 15, where the light is divided into two parallel optical fibers 17A, 17B. One of the fibers 17A are connected to an optical modulator 18A, controlled by multiplexor 20A, provided with signals from a digital signal source 22A and a frequency signal generator 24A analogue to the previous embodiment. The other fiber 17B is connected to another set of an optical modulator 18B, a multiplexor 20B, a digital signal source 22B and a frequency signal generator 24B via a fiber delay line 19. The fiber delay line delays the optical packet for a period somewhat longer than the time frame duration. In the present examples, a delay of 2.5 μs would be appropriate. The modulated signals from the optical modulators 18A and 18B are combined into one common optical signal in a combiner 27. Due to the delay of one of the optical branches, the digital signals from the sources 22A and 22B are time multiplexed after each other at the common exit optical fiber 28, with a separation of 0.5 μs.

Anyone skilled in the art now realizes that any number of parallel digital signal streams can be time multiplexed in a similar manner using appropriate number of branched optical fibers, where each branch has a specified delay. It is also possible to perform the delay action after the modulated signal is modulated onto the optical carrier, and it can be performed in one or several steps. More than two different frequency packets can thus be generated by adding larger splitting ratios and more delay lines. Optical packets with different digital content and different address headers, having frequencies f₁, f₂, . . . f_(k), are formed and sent through the network nodes connected thereto.

FIG. 8 presents a flow diagram illustrating the generation method according to the present invention. The procedure starts in step 200. In step 202, an envelope on an optical carrier is provided. A digital payload signal is provided in step 204 and a single-frequency tone within the baseband of the digital payload signal is generated in step 206. The digital signal and the single-frequency tone are multiplexed in step 208 and the resulting signal is modulated onto the optical envelope in step 210. The procedure ends in step 212.

Optical packets comprising single-frequency tones within the digital payload baseband as address flags or header information are thus created and sent out on an optical network. FIG. 4 illustrates an embodiment of a switching device 30 according to the present invention performing switching actions on such generated optical packets. In the presently illustrated embodiment, the switching device 30 has one in-port 32 and two out-ports 34, 36, in order to facilitate the description of the underlying principles. However, switching devices with any number of ports are possible to create according to the present invention. The in-ports 32 and out-ports 34, 36 are input and output terminals, respectively, of the switching device.

An optical packet 26 is received at the in-port 32. At an optical tap 38 extracts a part or a fraction of the power of the optical signal, which extracted part is supplied to an optical receiver 40. In the optical receiver 40, the optical signal is converted into an electronic signal. The electronic signal is provided as input signal to two header recognition units. Preferably, a pre-amplification of the electronic signal is performed by a pre-amplifier either at the output of the optical receiver 40, as a separate unit or at the input side of the header recognition units.

The first header recognition unit comprises a power detecting means 42, which senses the power within a certain predetermined frequency window f_(j). Preferably, the power detecting means 42 comprises a bandpass filter having a very narrow bandwidth. In order to be practically usable, the bandwidth should be less than 100 kHz and preferably less than 10 kHz. The total power contained in the signal resulting from the filtering is than a good measure of the intensity of that particular frequency component. This signal is preferably amplified before further used.

If the detected power is high enough, e.g. upon comparison in a comparator 43 with a predetermined threshold, it may be concluded that an additional single-frequency tone of frequency f_(j) as present in the original optical packet. In such a case, the header recognition means provides an electronic switch control 46 with a signal demanding it to perform a suitable switching action. When the power falls below the threshold, i.e. when the frequency tone f_(j) disappears, the electronic switch control 46 is instructed to close the previous path.

The second header recognition unit has a similar design, with a power detecting means 44 and a comparator 45, but is toned into another frequency f_(k). The electronic switch control 46 is thereby informed about any presence of a frequency signal of f_(j) or f_(k). The switching device 30 is designed with two out-ports 34, 36. The out-port 34 is associated with the frequency f_(j) and the out-port 36 is associated with the frequency f_(k). An optical packet having a frequency tone of f_(j) is thus intended for the out-port 34 and an optical packet having a frequency tone of f_(k) is similarly intended for the out-port 36. The main optical signal, i.e. the part of the optical signal that is not tapped at the optical tap 38 is provided to a switching means 51 via a fiber delay line 48. The fiber delay line 48 is used for adapting the optical packet timing, as described further below. The switching means 51 comprises in this embodiment a beam splitter 50 or branching means, which divides the incoming optical signal into two branches. Each of the branches are connected to a respective out-port 34, 36, via a respective optical gate 52, 54. When the gate 52 is open, the light is transmitted onto the out-port 34 and when the gate 54 is open, light is transmitted onto the out-port 36. The optical gates 52, 54 are connected to and controlled by the electronic switch control 46.

When a frequency component of frequency f_(j) is strong enough, the electronic switch control 46 opens the optical gate 52 and the optical packet is allowed to reach out-port 34. When a frequency component of frequency f_(k) is strong enough, the electronic switch control 46 opens the optical gate 54 and the optical packet is allowed to reach out-port 36. A switching action is thus performed directly on the information carried by the frequency of the added single-frequency tone in connection with allocation information, which in the present invention preferably is provided in the electronic switch control 46. Output signals 53 and 55 are transmitted from the out-ports 34 and 36, respectively. The digital payload itself is left essentially unaffected, and is not processed or converted at any time in the switching and routing process.

Since any digital payload will have some power also at the frequencies selected for the header addresses, the threshold of the header recognition means has to be larger than zero. However, since the disturbance of the frequency tone is reduced with reduced power, it is also requested to keep the frequency tone power as low as possible. In test systems, one has found that single-frequency tones having an amplitude of 15% of the digital payload intensity will be enough for allowing a detection of the tones. However, improved filtering techniques may lower this figure in the future.

FIG. 9 presents a flow diagram illustrating the switching method according to the present invention. The procedure starts in step 220. In step 222, an optical packet on an optical carrier is received at an in-port of an optical switch. The power of a certain predetermined frequency component or tone is detected in step 224. In step 226, it is evaluated if the power is high enough, i.e. the tone is strong enough for a header frequency. If that is the case, the process continues with step 228, where a switching signal for causing a certain optical path through the switch is generated. In step 232, the switch is set according to the switch signal, i.e. the switch selects a certain out-port if the predetermined frequency tone is present, but closes the switch path if the predetermined frequency is missing or is too low. The optical packet is then sent through the switch in step 234. The procedure ends in step 236. If, on the other hand, the power is found to be low in step 226, the process continues directly to step 236.

The timing of the switching action is important. Since static storage of optical packets is troublesome, optical switching is typically performed “on-the-fly”. Since there is need for some processing time to evaluate the header information of an optical packet and to carry through the actual switching, the optical packet has to be delayed. Similar procedures are also known in prior art switches. The delay line is precisely synchronized with the processing time added of the guard times at beginning and end of packet frame. The guard time ensures that no part of the information content of the optical packet is lost in the switching process. The guard time can be of any prescribed value, being suitable values fractions between 2 and 5% of the envelope frame. FIG. 5 illustrates the optical packet timing on its way through the switching device according to the present invention. Three positions within the switching device are represented by one time axis each. The upper one is the timing of the arrival at the in-port, the middle one represents the output from the delay line and the lower one represents the timing of the exit from the out-port.

An optical packet arrives at the in-port at time to. The optical packet header is evaluated, i.e. the existence of a frequency tone is investigated. When there is a tone present, the switching takes place. This processing time and switching time is finished at time t₁. In the meantime, the optical packet has entered the delay line. The delay time is adapted to the processing time, i.e. t₁−t₀, and a start guard time is also added. The optical packet exits the delay line at t₂, i.e. the delay time is t₂−t₀ and the start guard time is subsequently t₂−t₁. The front of the optical packet is transmitted through the actual switching unit and exits from the out-port at time t₃.

The end of the optical packet arrives at the in-port at time t₄. This also means that the header frequency tone disappears. A header processing and a switching off action are performed. However, in order to be sure that the entire optical packet has passed the switch, an extra delay of the actual switching action is introduced. The length of the optical packet is t₄−t₀, and consequently, the end of the optical packet exits the delay line at time t₅=t₂+t₄−t₀. The time t₅ corresponds to the time t₄ plus the processing time and the start delay time. After passing the switch, the optical packet leaves the switch at time t₆. The switch is now ready to close. By adding an end guard time the closing of the switch occurs at time t₇. The end guard time, i.e. t₇−t₅ should be chosen to be longer than the travelling time for the optical packet through the switch unit plus the time for the actual switching operation.

The switching device according to the present invention is preferably implemented in metropolitan and access optical networks, which may span areas several kilometers wide, and interconnecting fixed communications or wireless communications stations or terminals. Although nodes in the network are assumed equivalent to each other, a situation occurs when a node is elected to be interconnection to other networks, similar to or different than what has been described in this invention, thus becoming a “higher” node. In such elected higher node, besides having all described functions, may perform opto-electric conversion and generate new optical packets. FIG. 6 a illustrates schematically an optical network 60 comprising a number of switching devices 30 according to the present invention. Each switching device 30 is associated with a local access network 64. The switching devices 30 are interconnected by network links 62, in this embodiment unidirectional communication. Bi-directional communication can be achieved with a counterpropagating overlay network. Network nodes have preferably 2×2 configuration with add-drop functionality implemented as in FIG. 6 b, described more in detail further below. At network edge lower nodes may have one in-port and one out-port, besides add-drop ports. An add port is defined as an in-port not otherwise connected to the network, through which packets may enter the network. A drop port is similarly defined as an out-port not otherwise connected to the network, through which packets which are leaving said network may exit the network. Other configurations, such as multiple input and output ports can be easily realized as combined stages following the principles presented here. For instance, 3×3 or 4×4 nodes can be achieved with a combination of two-stage switching device 30, interconnecting properly out-ports of first stage with in-ports of second stage.

FIG. 6 b illustrates an embodiment of a node structure used in the network of FIG. 6 a. The switching device 30 of this embodiment has two regular in-ports 31, 32 and two regular out-ports 34, 36. Additionally, the switching device 30 has an add port 33 and a drop port 35, connected to a local access. A header recognition means 47 is here used as a common unit for devices necessary for the header recognition, e.g. means corresponding to 40, 42-45 in FIG. 4.

The routing of optical packets through the network can be performed according to a number of different approaches. If the network is small, having short transmission times from one switching device to another, a centralized approach may be used. This is advantageous for establishing priorities and for dealing with bursts of information. When an optical packet enters, or a collection of packets having the same frequency header, and possibly having a burst structure as described previously, enters the network, the header is evaluated and suitable switch control signals are produced for all switches at the same time. This means that the network operates as one distributed switching device.

A more flexible approach, however, is to perform header recognition at each switch instead, following the packet by packet switching procedure already described. By natural extension of such procedure, several frequency tones can be recognized by using several switch control units as 42-43-46 and 44-45-46 in FIG. 4, one for each frequency, and organizing such frequencies as groups allocated to either out-port, according to a pre-established allocation table. For instance, if one has six frequencies f₁ to f₆, then f₁, f₃ and f₅ can go to out-port No.1, and f₂, f₄ and f₆ can go to out-port No.2. It is clear that any of these frequencies may be added or dropped at a node in a similar manner. Furthermore, if very narrow frequency tones are used, the addition of more than one frequency tone will give acceptable bit error rate. By adding more than one frequency tone, not only the final destination but also a path through the network can be established. This may allow also network protection mechanisms to be implemented.

The use of multiple single-tone headers can also be used for other purposes than defining a switching path. Even if the destination address is the most useful header information, other information may be interesting from time to time. Since network design always results in situations where contention resolution is needed, information of e.g. the priority of the optical packets may be useful in different applications. By adding a frequency tone to the packet, which frequency tone is associated with e.g. a high priority, the packet can be treated in a high-prioritized manner when contention situations arises.

As anyone skilled in the art understands, other header information can also be represented by the existence of single frequency tones.

Embodiments of the present invention presented above have only being concerning systems and networks with one optical carrier. However, multi-carrier solutions are also feasible, e.g. WDM-systems. In such systems, demultiplexing of the wavelengths has to be performed before the actual switching occurs. FIG. 7 illustrates an example of a switching node 70 with one in-port 72 and three out-ports 74, 76, 78. The incoming multiwavelength signal, in this case comprising four different optical carriers, is demultiplexed in a demultiplexing device 80 into four branches of unitary wavelength. The different branches are connected to one switching device 30 each, where a switching action according to the earlier discussed principles is performed. The three out-ports of the switching devices are connected to the input terminals on three multiplexing devices 82. In each of the multiplexing devices, the signals of different wavelengths are multiplexed into one common optical signal, which is output at the out-ports 74, 76, 78 of the switching node 70. It can be noted that the add function is not presented in FIG. 7 for the sake of clarity, however, it is easily implemented through switch device 30, as previously described.

It will be understood by those skilled in the art that various modifications and changes may be made to the present invention without departure from the scope thereof, which is defined by the appended claims.

REFERENCES

-   S. Yao and B. Mukherjee, “Advances in Photonic Packet Switching: an     overview”. IEEE Communic. Mag., pp. 84-94, February 2000. -   D. J. Blumenthal, P. R. Prucnal and J. R. Sauer, “Photonic Packet     Switches: Architectures and Experimental implementations” Proceed.     IEEE 82 (11), 1650 (1994). -   E. Park and A. Willner, “Self-routing of Wavelength Packets using     All-Optical Wavelength Shifter and QPSK Sub-carrier Routing Headers”     IEEE Photon. Tech. Lett. 8 (7), 938 (1996). -   D. Wonglumson, I. M. White, S. M. Gemelos and L. G. Kazovsky,     “HORNET—A Packet-Switched WDM Network: Optical Packet Transmission     and Recovery” IEEE Photon. Tech. Lett. 11 (12), 1692 (1999). -   International patent application WO 00/04668. -   U.S. Pat. No. 5,253,250. -   U.S. Pat. No. 5,612,806. 

1. Method for generating an optical packet (26), comprising the steps of: providing an envelope (2) on an optical carrier; providing a digital payload signal (1) spanning a frequency baseband; characterized by the further steps of: generating a predetermined unmodulated frequency tone (3); said frequency tone (3) being situated within said frequency baseband; multiplexing said frequency tone (3) with said digital payload signal (1); and modulating said multiplexed signal of said frequency tone (3) and said digital payload signal (1) into said envelope (2).
 2. Method for generating an optical packet according to claim 1, characterized in that said envelope is a time frame (2).
 3. Method for generating an optical packet according to claim 1, characterized in that said predetermined frequency tone (3) is indicative of header information of said optical packet (26).
 4. Method for generating an optical packet according to claim 3, characterized in that said header information is an address and/or routing information of said optical packet (26).
 5. Method for generating an optical packet according to claim 4, characterized in that the frequency of said predetermined frequency tone (3) is selected according to preestablished allocation tables.
 6. Method for generating an optical packet according to claim 1, characterized in that said predetermined frequency is a radiofrequency tone.
 7. Method for generating an optical packet according to claim 1, characterized in that said predetermined frequency tone (3) has a combined frequency linewidth and uncertainty smaller than or equal to 10 kHz.
 8. Method for switching an optical packet, comprising the steps of: receiving an optical packet (26) having a digital payload signal (1) within a frequency baseband and header information on an optical carrier at an input terminal (31, 32) of a switching entity (30); switching said optical packet (26) to an output terminal (34, 36) of said switching entity (30) according to said header information; characterized by the further steps of: detecting a power of a first predetermined frequency tone (3) of said optical packet (26); said first predetermined frequency tone (3) being situated within said frequency baseband; comparing said power with a predetermined threshold value; and generating a switch control signal according to preestablished allocation tables, when said power exceeds said predetermined threshold value; whereby said switching is performed according to said switch control signal.
 9. Method for switching an optical packet according to claim 8, characterized in that said predetermined frequency tone (3) is indicative of header information of said optical packet (26).
 10. Method for switching an optical packet according to claim 9, characterized in that said header information is an address and/or routing information of said optical packet (26).
 11. Method for switching an optical packet according to claim 8, characterized in that said detecting step in turn comprises the steps of: tapping a fraction of said optical packet (26); converting said tapped fraction of said optical packet to an electrical signal; bandpass-filtering said electrical signal; and determining said power as a power of said bandpass-filtered signal.
 12. Method for switching an optical packet according to claim 11, characterized in that said bandpass-filtering has a bandwidth narrower than 100 kHz.
 13. Method for switching an optical packet according to claim 12, characterized in that said bandpass-filtering has a bandwidth narrower than 10 kHz.
 14. Method for switching an optical packet according to claim 8, characterized in that said switching entity is a switching and/or routing device.
 15. Method for switching an optical packet according to claim 8, characterized in that said switching entity is part of an optical network comprising switching and/or routing devices.
 16. Method for switching an optical packet according to claim 8, characterized in that said switching step in turn comprises the steps of: opening of an optical path between said input terminal (31, 32) and said output terminal (34, 36) as a response of an appearance of said switch control signal; closing of said optical path as a response of an extinction of said switch control signal; and delaying said optical packet (26) before entrance to said optical path.
 17. Method for switching an optical packet according to claim 16, characterized in that said delaying is adapted to processing times of said determining, comparing, providing and switching steps, whereby said opening step is finished a start guard time before said optical packet (26) enters said optical path.
 18. Method for switching an optical packet according to claim 17, characterized in that said closing is delayed said start guard time and an end guard time, whereby said closing step is started an end guard time after said optical packet exits said optical path.
 19. Method for switching an optical packet according to claim 8, characterized by the further steps of: detecting a power of a number of additional predetermined frequency tones of said optical packet (26); said additional predetermined frequency tones being situated within said frequency baseband; comparing said powers with a respective predetermined threshold; and providing a switch control signal according to preestablished allocation relations, when any of said powers exceeds said respective predetermined threshold.
 20. Method for switching an optical packet according to claim 8, characterized in that the receiving step in turn comprises the steps of: receiving a multiplexed optical signal using a number of optical wavelengths; demultipexing said optical signal into optical signals (26) of one optical carrier each; whereby each of said one-carrier optical signals is separately received as said optical packet; and multiplexing optical packets (53, 55) of different optical carriers at each output terminal.
 21. Optical switching device, comprising: input terminal (31, 32) for an optical packet (26) having a digital payload signal (1) spanning a frequency baseband and header information on an optical carrier; switching means (51) for switching said optical packet (26) to an output terminal (34-36) according to said header information; characterized by: optical tap means (38), connected to said input terminal (31, 32); opto-electronic converter (40) connected to said optical tap means (38); frequency tone power detector (42, 44) connected to said optoelectronic converter (40); said frequency tone power detector (42, 44) being tuned to a first predetermined frequency within said frequency baseband; said frequency tone power detector (42, 44) in turn comprising a narrow bandpass-filter and a power detector connected to said bandpass-filter for measuring a significant power of said bandpass-filtered signal; comparator (43, 35), connected to said frequency tone power detector (42, 44), for comparing said detected power with a predetermined threshold value; and switch control (46) connected to said comparator (43, 45) and said switching means (51), arranged for providing a switch control signal according to preestablished allocation tables, when said power exceeds said predetermined threshold.
 22. Optical switching device according to claim 21, characterized in that said bandpass-filter has a bandwidth narrower than 100 kHz.
 23. Optical switching device according to claim 22, characterized in that said bandpass-filter has a bandwidth narrower than 10 kHz.
 24. Optical switching device according to claim 21, characterized by: a pre-amplifier connected between said opto-electronic converter (40) and said bandpass filter.
 25. Optical switching device according to claim 21, characterized by further comprising: a delay device (48) connected between said input terminal (31, 32) and said switching means (51).
 26. Optical switching device according to claim 21, characterized in that said predetermined frequency tone (3) is indicative of header information of said optical packet (26).
 27. Optical switching device according to claim 26, characterized in that said header information is an address and/or routing information of said optical packet (26).
 28. Optical switching device according to claim 21, characterized in that said optical switching device is a distributed optical switching device.
 29. Optical switching device according to claim 21, characterized in that said switching means (51) in turn comprises: a beam splitter (50) having a number of output branches; and an optical gate (52, 54) connected to each of said output branches; said optical gates (52, 54) being controlled by switch control signals from said switch control (46).
 30. Optical switching device according to claim 21, characterized by comprising: more than one frequency tone power detector (42, 44) connected to said opto-electronic converter (40); said frequency tone power detectors (42, 44) being tuned to different predetermined frequencies within said frequency baseband; more than one comparator (43, 35), connected to one of said frequency tone power detectors (42, 44) each, for comparing said detected power with a respective predetermined threshold value; said switch control (46) being connected to all of said comparators (43, 45), arranged for providing a switch control signal according to preestablished allocation tables, when said power exceeds any of said respective predetermined thresholds.
 31. Optical switching device, characterized by: receiving means (72) for a multiplexed optical signal using a number of optical wavelengths; demultiplexor (80) connected to said receiving means (72), having a number of output terminals; a number of optical switching devices according to claim 21; whereby each of said demultiplexor output terminals is connected to one of said optical switching devices according to claim 21; a number of multiplexors (82) connected to output terminals (34-36) of optical switching devices according to claim 21; and transmitting means (74, 76, 78) of multiplexed optical packets.
 32. Optical network, having an optical switching device, said optical switching device comprising: input terminal (31, 32) for an optical packet (26) having a digital payload signal (1) spanning a frequency baseband and header information on an optical carrier; switching means (51) for switching said optical packet (26) to an output terminal (34-36) according to said header information; characterized in that said switching device further comprises: optical tap means (38), connected to said input terminal (31, 32); opto-electronic converter (40) connected to said optical tap means (38); frequency tone power detector (42, 44) connected to said optoelectronic converter (40); said frequency tone power detector (42, 44) being tuned to a first predetermined frequency within said frequency baseband; said frequency tone power detector (42, 44) in turn comprising a narrow bandpass-filter and a power detector connected to said bandpass-filter for measuring a significant power of said bandpass-filtered signal; comparator (43, 35), connected to said frequency tone power detector (42, 44), for comparing said detected power with a predetermined threshold value; and switch control (46) connected to said comparator (43, 45) and said switching means (51), arranged for providing a switch control signal according to preestablished allocation tables, when said power exceeds said predetermined threshold.
 33. Optical network according to claim 32, characterized in that said optical switching device further comprises: a pre-amplifier connected between said opto-electronic converter (40) and said bandpass filter.
 34. Optical network according to claim 32 or 33, characterized in that said optical switching device further comprises: a delay device (48) connected between said input terminal (31, 32) and said switching means (51).
 35. Optical network according to claim 32, characterized in that said predetermined frequency tone (3) is indicative of header information of said optical packet (26).
 36. Optical network according to claim 35, characterized in that said header information is an address and/or routing information of said optical packet (26).
 37. Optical packet generator, comprising: means (11, 12) for providing an envelope (2) on an optical carrier; means (22; 22A, 223) for providing a digital payload signal (1) spanning a frequency baseband; characterized by further comprising: frequency tone generator (24; 24A, 24B); said frequency tone generator (24; 24A, 243) being tuned to a first predetermined frequency tone (3) situated within said frequency baseband; multiplexor (20; 20A, 203) connected to said frequency tone generator (24; 24A, 24B) and said means (22; 22A, 223) for providing a digital payload signal; modulator (18; 18A, 183) connected to said means for providing an envelope (11, 12) and said multiplexor (20; 20A, 203); said modulator (18; 18A, 18B) being arranged for modulating a multiplexed signal of said frequency tone (3) and said digital payload signal (1) into said envelope (2).
 38. Optical packet generator according to claim 37, characterized in that said predetermined frequency tone (3) is indicative of header information of said optical packet (26).
 39. Optical packet generator according to claim 38, characterized in that said header information is an address and/or routing information of said optical packet (26).
 40. Optical packet generator according to claim 37, characterized in that said frequency tone generator (24; 24A, 243) is a radio-frequency tone generator.
 41. Optical packet generator according to claim 37, characterized in that said frequency tone generator (24; 24A, 243) gives a frequency output having a combined linewidth and uncertainty less than or equal to 10 kHz.
 42. Optical packet generator according to claim 37, characterized by a branching device (15) having a number of branch output terminals; a multiplexor (27), connected to said branch output terminals; optical delay means (19) provided between said branching device (15) and said multiplexor (27) in at least all branches except one; whereby means (22; 22A, 22B) for providing a digital payload signal, a frequency tone generator (24; 24A, 24B) and a multiplexor (20; 20A, 20B) is provided in each branch between said branching device (15) and said multiplexor (27).
 43. Optical packet generator according to claim 42, characterized in that said frequency tone generators (24; 24A, 24B) are tuned to different frequencies.
 44. Optical packet generator according to claim 42, characterized in that said optical delay means (19) have different values of time delay.
 45. Optical packet signal, comprising: an envelope (2) on an optical carrier; a digital payload signal (1) within a frequency baseband modulated into said envelope (2); characterized by: a first predetermined frequency tone (3) multiplexed with said digital payload signal (1); said first predetermined frequency tone (3) being situated within said frequency baseband.
 46. Optical packet signal according to claim 45, characterized in that said predetermined frequency tone (3) is indicative of header information of said optical packet signal.
 47. Optical packet signal according to claim 46, characterized in that said header information is an address and/or routing information of said optical packet signal. 